BSC1011 Lab Study Guide
Genetic Basis for Evolution

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Terms to Know in This Chapter:

genotype (sing.) [GIN oh type]

phenotype (sing.) [FIN oh type]

gene (sing.)

allele (sing.) [ah LEEL]

continuous variation

discrete variation

tidal volume

inspiratory reserve volume [in SPIRE ah tore ee]

expiratory reserve volume [ex SPIRE ah tore ee

residual volume [reh ZID you ul]

ispiratory capacity

functional residual capacity

vital capacity

total lung capacity

spirometer (sing.) [spire ROM eh tur]

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Hardy Weinberg equation

homozygous [ho mo ZIE gus]

heterozygous [het er oh ZIE gus]

allelic frequency

genotypic frequency

homolog (sing.) [ho mo log]

locus (sing.) [LOW kus]
loci (pl.) [LOW sigh]

mutation [mew TAY shun]

random mating

natural selection

PTC (phenothiocarbamide) [FEE no THIGH oh car BAM ide]

genetic drift

founder effect

bottleneck

population

lethal [LEE thul]

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

1. distinguish between continuous and discrete variation,
2. perform an experiment measuring continuous variation and graph your results,
3. perform an experiment where you measure total lung capacity using a wet or dry spirometer,
4. state the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,
5. calculate the allelic frequencies give the genotypic frequencies obtained by counting,
6. calculate chi square for the previous example,
7. perform a simulation demonstrating the founder effect, and
8. perform a simulation demonstrating bottleneck effect.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

1. Blood types in humans is an example of variation.
2. Much of the variation in humans is due to genetics and differences in .
3. You would plot the variable on the x-axis of a graph.
4. If you were measuring the length of the index finger in millimeters, which would you use to determine the validity of your experiment? (standard deviation, chi square analysis)
5. If there are 4 categories, how many degrees of freedom would you use to calculate determine chi square?
6. is tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.
7. is inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve voluem + residual volume.
8. If the frequency of AA is 25%, Aa is 35%, and aa is 40%, what is the allelic frequency of A? .
9. In reference to question 8, what is the allelic frequency of a? .
10. The five conditions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg to be obeyed are
    a.
    b.
    c.
    d.
    e.
11. A is defined as individuals who can breed only among themselves and not other species.
12. When species begin to differ in their allelic frequencies over time, that is referred to as .
13. The new species which evolove due to small populations is called .
14. Surviving species on a volanic island would undergo a condition known as .

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.

1. The differences in length of the middle finger in males and females is an example of:
   (1) discrete variation.
   (2) discontinuous variation.
   (3) continuous variation.
   (4) Founder effect.
   (5) bottlenek effect.
2. Which of these functions is calculated and not measured?
   (1) tidal volume
   (2) inspiratory reserve volume
   (3) expiratory reserve volume
   (4) inspiratory capacity
   (5) all of the above
3. Given the allelic frequency of a as 0.35, what is the allelic frequency of A?
   (1) 0.35
   (2) 1.65
   (3) 0.65
   (4) 1.35
   (5) none of the above
4. If you know all the genotypic frequencies, can you calculate the allelic frequencies with the Hardy-Weinberg equation even if you assume the conditions are not met for Hardy-Weinberg?
   (1) yes
   (2) no
   
5. Can you calculate the genotypic frequencies from allelic frquencies if you do not meet the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg?
   (1) yes
   (2) no
6. Of the five criteria for Hardy-Weinberg, which is the most important?
   (1) no mutation of alleles
   (2) random mating occurs
   (3) there is a large population
   (4) immigration and emigration does not occur
   (5) natural selection is the rule