BSC1011 Lab Study Guide
Plant Reproduction

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Terms to Know:

gymnosperm (sing.) [GYM no sperm]

angiosperm (sing.) [AN gee oh sperm]

microgametogenesis [MY crow gah MEET oh GIN ee siss]

macrogametogenesis [MACK row gah MEET oh GIN ee siss]

microsporophyll (sing.) [my crow SPORE oh fill]

microstrobilus (sing.) [my crow STROBE eh lus]
microstrobili (pl.) [my crow STOBE eh lie]

microsporangium (sing.) [my crow spore AN gee um]
microsporangia (pl.) [my crow spore AN gee ah]

mature pollen grain

microsporocyte (sing.) [my crow SPORE oh sight]

microspore mother cell (sing.)

tapetum (sing.) [tah PEE tum]
tapeta (pl.) [tah PEE tah]

tetrad of spores (pl.)

prothallial cell (sing.) [pro THAL ee ul]

initial cell (sing.)

antheridial cell (sing.) [an thur RID ee ul]

generative cell (sing.) [GIN er ah tive]

tube cell (sing.)

stalk cell (sing.)

body cell (sing.)

ciliated sperm cell (sing.)

bract (sing.)

megasporophyll (sing.) [meg ah SPORE oh fill]

megasporangium (sing.) [meg ah spore AN gee um]
megasporangia (pl.) [meg ah spore AH gee ah]

ovuliferous scale (sing.) [ov you LIF er us]

megaspore mother cell (sing.) [MEG ah spore]

functional megaspore (sing.) [MEG ah spore]

free nuclear division

archegonium (sing.) [ark eh GONE ee um]
archegonia (pl.) [ark eh GONE ee ah]

female gametophyte (sing.) [gah MEET oh fight]

apical cell (sing.)

basal cell (sing.)

seed (sing.)

polyembryony [POL ee im bree ON ee]

anther (sing.) [AN thur]

stamen (sing.) [STAY men]

filament (sing.) [FILL ah ment]

embryo sac (sing.) [IM bree oh]

micropyle (sing.) [MY crow pile]

chalaza (sing.) [cha LAZ ah]
chalazae (pl.) [cha LAZ ee]

antipodal (sing.) [an TIP oh dall]

synergid (sing.) [seh NER gid]

egg (sing.)

polar nucleus (sing.)

double fertilization

triploid (3n)

suspensor

coleoptile (sing.) [co lee OP tile]

plumule (sing.) [PLEW mul]

radical (sing.)

coleorhiza (sing.) [co lee oh RISE ah]
coleorhizae (pl.) [co lee oh RISE ee]

scutellum (sing.) [skew TELL um]
scutella (pl.) [skew TELL ah]

cotyledon (sing.) [cot eh LEE don]

integument (sing.) [in TEG you mint]

ovary (sing.) [OH vah ree]
ovaries (pl.) [OH vah reez]

monocotyledon (sing.) [MOE no COT eh LEE don]

dicotyledon (sing.) [DIE cot eh LEE don]

placenta (sing.) [plah SIN tah]
placentae (pl.) [plah SIN tee]

ovule (sing.) [OVH yule]

funiculus (sing.) [few NICK you luss]
funiculi (pl.) [few NICK you lie]

hilum (sing.) [HIGH lum]
hila (pl.) [HIGH lah]

Genera to Know:

Pinus[PINE us]

Lillium [LILL ee um]

Capsella [cap SELL ah]

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

1. explain the terms angiosperm and gymnosperm,
2. distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons,
3. identify the various stages of microgametogenesis and macrogametogenesis in the gymnosperm Pinus,
4. identify the various stages of microgametogenesis and macrogametogenesis in the angiosperm Lillium,
5. identify the various stages of development in the embryo of Capsella,
6. identify the various parts of the embryo of beans and corn, and
7. compare microgametogenesis and macrogametogenesis in angiosperms and gymnosperms.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

1. Another name for a pine cone is . It is actually an aggregation of spore bearing leaves and each leaf is called a(n) .
2. How many microsporangia are attached to the adaxial surface of each microsporophyll?
3. The mature pollen grain of Pinus contains the following cells/structures:
   a.
   b.
   c.
   d.
   e. .
4. Microsporocytes divide by mitosis to produce a sterile layer of cells called the and the which undergo meiosis to produce a of spores.
5. A megasporophyll contains (one, two) megasporangia .
6. The megaspore mother cell undergoes (mitosis, meiosis) to produce a linear tetrad of megaspores. (number) degenerate and we are left with (number) functional megaspore(s). This undergoes (mitosis, meiosis) and results in free-nuclear division. These nuclei eventually become delineated by cell walls and forms the female (gametophyte, sporophyte). From this tissue arise (one, two) archegonium/archegonia.
7. Indicate whether the structure is sporophyte (2n) or gametophyte (n)
   a. integument
   b. ovuliferous scale
   c. bract
   d. megaspore mother cell
   e. functional megaspore
   f. free-nuclei
   g. archegonia
   h. egg cell
8. Each pine seed has the potential to produce 4 embryos. This is called .
9. In angiosperms, the ovule attaches to the placenta by a short piece of tissue called the .
10. The is nourishment tissue found around the megaspore and functional megaspore in angiosperms.
11. The mature embryo sac of Lillium, an angiosperm, has three near the chalazal end of the embryo sac, one in the middle of the embryo sac and two and one in the micropylar end of the embryo sac.
12. The term refers to the fertilization of both the polar nucleus and the egg cell in the embryo sac of angiosperms.
13. The polar nucleus, once fertilized is (haploid, diploid, triploid) and eventually becomes nourishment tissue for the embryo called .
14. State whether the structure is haploid (n), diploid (2n) or triploid (3n).
    a. placenta
    b. funiculus
    c. nucellus
    d. megasporocyte
    e. megaspore mother cell
    f. functional megaspore
    g. antipodal cell
    h. synergid
    i. egg cell
    j. fertilized polar nucleus
    k. endosperm
    l. embryo
15. The protective covering over the coleoptile in Capsella embryo is called the .
16. The radical will develop into the of the plant and it is covered by a protective layer called the .

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.

1. Fertilization of the pine takes:
   (1) one month.
   (2) one year.
   (3) two months.
   (4) two years.
   (5) five years.
2. Which cell type is associated with the mature pollen grain of Pinus?
   (1) megapore mother cell
   (2) microsporocyte
   (3) prothallial cell
   (4) nucellus
   (5) endosperm
3. This is triploid tissue
   (1) functional megaspore
   (2) synergids
   (3) antipodals
   (4) unfertilized polar nucleus
   (5) endosperm
4. Which pollen has air bladders?
   (1) Pinus
   (2) Lillium
   (3) Capsella
   (4) Zea mays
   (5) all of the above
5. How many archegonia are produced per megasporophyll in Pinus?
   (1) one
   (2) two
   (3) three
   (4) four
   (5) none of the above
6. In a mature pine cone, which is the most obvious?
   (1) ovuliferous scale
   (2) bract
7. What is the difference in sperm cells of the angiosperms and gymnosperms
   (1) Gymnosperms produce two sperm cells, angiosperms produce one.
   (2) Angiosperms produce two sperm cells, gymnosperms produce one.
   (3) Angiosperm sperm cells are ciliated, gymnosperm sperm cells are not.
   (4) Gymnosperm sperm cells are ciliated, angiosperms sperm cells are not
   (5) none of the above
8. The condition where the polar nucleus and egg cell are fertilized
   (1) occurs in gymnosperms.
   (2) occurs in angiosperms.
   (3) is called double fertilization.
   (4) both 1 and 2 are correct.
   (5) both 2 and 3 are correct.
9. Megagametogenesis
   (1) is the production of eggs in gymnosperms.
   (2) is the production of eggs in angiosperms.
   (3) is the production of endosperm in angiosperms.
   (4) is both 1 and 2.
   (5) all of the above
10. The scutellum is found in
    (1) all embryos.
    (2) Capsella embryo only.
    (3) corn embryo only.
    (4) flowers.
    (5) mature pine pollen.