BSC1011 Lab Study Guide
Plant Structure & Function

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Terms to Know:

primary growth

secondary growth

fundamental tissues

shoot (sing.)

root (sing.)

terminal bud (sing.)

axillary bud (sing.)

node (sing.)

internode (sing.)

apical meristem (sing.) [APE eh kul] [MERE eh stem]

protoderm (sing.) [PRO toe derm]

provascular tissue (sing.) [pro VASS kew lar]

ground tissue (sing.)

epidermis (sing.) [ep eh DERM iss]
epidermises (pl.) [ep eh DERM eh seez]

bark (sing.)

primary xylem (sing.)

secondary xylem (sing.)

primary phloem (sing.)

secondary phloem (sing.)

cambium (sing.) [CAM bee um]
cambia (pl.) [CAM bee ah]

pith (sing.)

cortex (sing.) [CORE tex]
cortices (pl.) [CORE teh seez]

bud primordium (sing.) [pry MORD ee um]
bud primordia (pl.) [pry MORD ee ah]

leaf primordium (sing.)
leaf primordia (pl.)

leaf gap (sing.)

leaf trace (sing.)

tunica corpus (sing.) [TUNE ee kah] [CORE puss]
tunica copora (pl.) [core PORE ah]

parenchyma (sing.) [pah RING kah mah]
parenchymae (pl.) [pah RING kah mee]

collenchyma (sing.) [co LIN kah mah]
collenchymae (pl.) [co LIN kah mee]

sclerenchyma (sing.) [sklah RIN kah mah]
sclerenchymae (pl.) [sklah RIN kah mee]

chlorenchyma (sing.) [klor IN kah mah]
chlorenchymae (pl.) [klor IN kah mee]

protoxylem (sing.)

metaxylem (sing.)

fiber (sing.)

vessel (sing.)

tracheid (sing.) [TRAY kee id]

xylem rays

sieve cell (sing.)

albuminous cell (sing.) [al BUE meh nuss]

companion cell (sing.)

sieve tube member (sing.)

exarch (sing.) [EX ark]

endarch (sing.) [IN dark]

mesarch (sing.) [MEZ ark]

centrarch [SIN trark]

monarch (sing.)

diarch (sing.)

triarch (sing.)

protostele (sing.) [PRO toe steel]

haplostele (sing.) [HAP low steel]

actinostele (sing.) [ak TIN oh steel]

plectostele (sing.) [PLEK toe steel]

siphonostele (sing.) [seh FON oh steel]

ectophloic [ek toe FLOW ik]

amphiphloic [am fee FLOW ik]

eustele (sing.) [YOU steel]

atactostele (sing.) [ah TACK toe steel]

monocotyledon (sing.) [MOE no cot eh LEE dun]

dicotyledon (sing.) [DIE cot eh LEE dun]

macrophyll (sing.) [MACK row fill]

microphyll (sing.) [MIKE row fill]

blade (sing.)

lamina (sing.) [LAM eh nah]
laminae (pl.) [LAM eh nee]

petiole (sing.) [PET eh ole]

stipule (sing.) [STIP yule]

complete leaf (sing.)

incomplete leaf (sing.)

simple leaf (sing.)

compound leaf (sing.)

leaflet (sing.) [leaf LET]

pinnate [PIN ate]

palmate [PAL mate]

parallel

net

dichotomous [die COT oh mus]

phyllotaxy [FILL oh tax ee]

alternate

opposite

whorled

upper epidermis

lower epidermis

palisade layer (sing.) [PAL eh sade]

mesophyll [MEZ oh fill]

stoma (sing.) [STOW mah]
stomata (pl.) [stow MAH tah]

guard cell (sing.)

intracellular space (sing.)

vascular bundle

sun leaf

shade leaf

xeric [ZERE ik]

mesic [MEZ ik]

hydric [HI drik]

Krantz anatomy

bulliform cell (sing.) [BULL eh form]

accessory cell (sing.)

adventitious [ad ven TISH us]

absorption

quiescent zone [kwi ESS ent]

zone of elongation

zone of maturation

endodermis (sing.) [IN doe derm is]
endodermises (pl.) [IN doe derm eh seez]

tap root

diffuse root

lateral root

Casparian strip [cas PAIR ee an]

subrin [SUE brin]

pericycle (sing.) [PERE eh sigh kul]

periderm (sing.) [PERE eh derm]

phellogen (sing.) [FELL oh gin]

Genera to Know:

Coleus[COL ee us]

Zea mays [ZEE ah][maize]

Allium [AL ee um]

What You Need to Know:

You should be able to:

1. distinguish between primary and secondary growth in plants,
2. identify the structures of the primary plant body: shoot, root, axillary buds, nodes, internodes, and roots.,
3. identify from the longitudinal section of a shoot apical meristem, protoderm, provascular tissue, ground tissue bud and leaf primordia, leaf gap and leaf trace,
4. explain what protoderm, provascular tissue, and ground tissue turn into in the plant body,
5. identify the following types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, chlorenchyma and give their functions,
6. identify xylem, phloem and cambium and explain their functions,
7. identify various types of steles in cross section,
8. differentiate between a monocot and dicot stem,
9. identify the basic types of leaves based on venation, whether simple or compound, the parts of a leaf and their phyllotaxy,
10. differentiate the different anatomical leaf variations including sun vs shade, xeric, mesic, hydric, temperate leaves and Krantz anatomy in leaves,
11. identify the major regions of a root longitudinal section to include zone of elongation, zone of maturation, quiescent zone and root cap,
12. explain the major functions of roots,
13. identify the roots hairs of a root and explain their functions,
14. differentiate between actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers,
15. distinguish between a monocot root and a dicot root,
16. identify the endodermis with Casparian strips and explain its function, and
17. distinguish between the modifications of roots and stems, e.g. irish potatoes and sweet potatoes.

Exercises: Fill in the Blank.

1. growth is the growth that occurs immediately after the germination of seeds which leads to the formation and growth of the fundamental tissues of the plant.
2. The three fundamental tissues in primary growth are , which forms the epidermis, , which forms the cortex and pith, and , which forms xylem and phloem.
3. All growth in a plant initially begins at the , a meristematic region found in shoots and roots.
4. The part of the vascular tissue which enters the leaf is called a .
5. These are plant cells with irregular thickenings in their primary wall and are used for support.
6. Identify the cell type.
   a. fundamental cell type in plants
   b. Modified parenchyma cells for photosynthesis
   c. Found in pears and composed of lignin impregnated cell walls
   d. Found in the cortex of celery and used for support - primary walls
7. is a lateral meristem found between xylem and phloem.
8. Identify the type of stele indicated.
   a. Solid core, no lobes of xylem
   b. A ring of xylem surrounded by rings of phloem with pith in the center.
   c. Scattered vascular bundles in pith.
   d. Discrete vascular bundles in a ring in the stem with cortex to the outside and pith to the inside.
9. In which type of stem is the vascular bundles scattered in no apparent arrangement? (monocot or dicot)
10. When there are more than two leaves per node, the phyllotaxis is described as .
11. What is the difference between a microphyll and a macrophyll? (text will scroll)
12. If the veins of a leave are net like but with major veins arranged like the veins of a feather, it is said to exhibit venation.
13. List two features that differ between temperate leaves and C-4 leaves.
    (text will scroll)
    (text will scroll)
14. Identify the type of leaf based on the description of the anatomy
    a. epidermis single cell thick, single palisade layer, no bundle sheath
    b. stomata sunken into crypts, thick cuticle, multilayered palisade layer
    c. stomata typically only on upper surface, large air spaces, thick palisade
15. These cells are found in corn leaves and seem to allow the leaves to curly in dry weather. .
16. Name four functions of roots: (text will scroll)
    
    
    
    
17. In what region of a root do you find active cell division with examples of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase?
18. Which type of root has numerous lobes of xylem as opposed to 3 to 5 lobes? (monocot or dicot)
19. The Casparian strip in roots is composed of this compound .
20. Lateral roots arise from the
    

Exercises: Multiple Choice. Select the Best Answer.

1. The distance between two nodes is called a(n):
   (1) leaf.
   (2) shoot.
   (3) leaf trace.
   (4) leaf gap.
   (5) internode.
2. There are two types of meristems in plants. They are
   (1) apical and lateral.
   (2) shoot and root.
   (3) xylem and phloem.
   (4) protoderm and provascular
   (5) none of the above.
3. This type of cell has lignified secondary walls and are abundant in pears.
   (1) parenchyma
   (2) collenchyma
   (3) sclerenchyma
   (4) chlorenchyma
   (5) none of the above
4. Ground meristem will develop into
   (1) epidermis.
   (2) xylem.
   (3) phloem.
   (4) cortex and pith.
   (5) none of the above
5. Which cell type is not a xylem cell?
   (1) fibers
   (2) parenchyma
   (3) tracheids
   (4) vessel elements
   (5) companion cells
6. Which of the following may be considered as useful in retarding water loss in leaves?
   (1) multilayered epidermis
   (2) sunken stomata
   (3) thick waxy cuticle
   (4) more than one is correct
   (5) none of the above
7. This tissue is responsible for directing water flow in roots (and some stems) upward and preventing the lateral flow of water.
   (1) epidermis
   (2) endodermis
   (3) cortex
   (4) xylem ray
   (5) none of the above
8. If there are two leaves per node, the phyllotaxis is said to be
   (1) alternate.
   (2) whorled.
   (3) opposite.
   (4) simple.
   (5) compound.
9. Which type of plant would probably have parallel venation?
   (1) monocots
   (2) dicots
   (3) Gingkgo
   (4) ferns
   (5) none of the above
10. This type of leaf has a bundle sheath and no palisade layer.
    (1) hydric
    (2) mesic
    (3) xeric
    (4) sun leaves
    (5) Krantz anatomy leaves